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Passage 2

Intelligence: a changed view

1．Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity，some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements．Its Value therefore．was as a predictor of children’s future learning．If they differed markedly in their ability to learn complex tasks，then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different types of school and even different ability groups within school was obvious．Intelligence tests could be used for streaming children according to ability at an early age; and at 11 these tests were superior to measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education．

2．Today, we are beginning to think differently．In the last few years，research has thrown doubt on the view that innate intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence itself．There is considerable evidence now which shows the great influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence．Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with that of their more fortunate classmates．

3．There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelligence and observed intelligence．Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will restrict development no matter how stimulating the environment．We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence，whereas we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment．。Researches have been investigating what happens in this interaction．

4．Two major findings have emerged from these researches．Firstly, the greater part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life．It is estimated that 50 per cent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four．Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship．Much of the difference in measured intelligence between “privileged” and “disadvantaged” children may be due to the latter’s lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual experiences．

5．These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelligence．Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind，we now see it as a set of developed skills with which a person copes with any environment．These skills have to be learned and，indeed，one of them is learning how to learn．

6．The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system．In one respect a change is already occurring．With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes，fewer children will be given the label“low IQ’which must inevitably condemn a child in his own，if not society’s eyes. The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is accepted by more and more people．

1. paragraph 2___

2. paragraph 4 ___

3. paragraph 5 ___

4. paragraph 6 ___

A. Main results of recent researches

B. Popular doubt about the New View

C. Effect of environment on intelligence

D. Intelligence and Achievement

　　E. impact on school education

　　F A changed View of Intelligence

　　5. It was once believed ___, and thus we can tell how successful he/she will be in the future according to his/her intelligence.

　　6. More recent researches has shown that intelligence is only partly inherited ___.

　　7. It can be inferred from the passage that a child will ___ if he has more opportunities to communicate with others by means of language.

　　1. Children were not just ___, but they can be taught to be more intelligent at school.

　　A. born to be more intelligent or less intelligent

　　B. have a better chance to develop his intelligence

　　C. taught to be more intelligent

　　D. that intelligence was something a baby was born with

　　E. and because of the lack of communication with his classmates

　　F. and partly has to do with a child’s living environment

　　答案与解析：

　　1.文章主题分析：intelligence: a changed view

　　(第1段) Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity, some faculty of the mind that we all …

　　(第2段)Today, we are beginning to think differently….

　　(第3段)There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelligence and observed intelligence.

　　因此判断文章主题涉及到人们(随着时间变化?)对智力的不同看法。

　　2. 被选项分析：

　　A. Main results of recent researches

　　B. Popular doubt about the New View

　　C. Effect of environment on intelligence

　　D. Intelligence and Achievement

　　E. Impact on school education

　　F A changed View of Intelligence

　　划线结构是被选项中的核心结构，也是可以作为答案线索的结构。

　　A. Main results of recent researches

　　B. Popular doubt about the New View

　　C. Effect of environment on intelligence

　　D. Intelligence and Achievement

　　E. Impact on school education

　　F A changed View of Intelligence

　　1. paragraph 2___

　　Today, we are beginning to think differently. …There is considerable evidence now which shows the great influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence. Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with their more fortunate classmates.1. C. 分析：在段落中第2句发现了“influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence”，该结构含义与C的内容一致(环境对智力的影响)，而且在段落的后面部分发现了用“穷孩子和富人家的孩子进行比较”的例子，因此肯定D是答案。

　　A. Main results of recent researches

　　B. Popular doubt about the New View

　　D. Intelligence and Achievement

　　E. Impact on school education

　　F A changed View of Intelligence

　　2. paragraph 4 ___

　　The two major findings have emerged from these researches. (与A呼应)Firstly, the greater part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life. It is estimated…。 Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship…

　　2. A。分析：抓住段落结构：“观点总结句+ 分层说明 (The two major findings have emerged from these researches(从这些研究中形成了两大主要研究结果). Firstly,.. Secondly, ..)”判断A是答案。

　　B. Popular doubt about the New View

　　D. Intelligence and Achievement

　　E. Impact on school education

　　F A changed View of Intelligence

　　3. paragraph 5 ___

　　These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelligence.(观点句，在内容上与F呼应) Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind, we now see it as a set of developed skills with which a person copes with any environment. …

　　3. F. 分析：段首句(观点句)的句意与F一致，而且随后的句子中也提到了“we now see it as a set of developed skills..(我们现在把它看作是一套后天习得的技能)”—反应“变化了的观点”，所以判断F是答案。

　　B. Popular doubt about the New View

　　D. Intelligence and Achievement

　　E. Impact on school education

　　4. paragraph 6 ___

　　The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system. (观点句，在内容上与E呼应) ..With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes, fewer children will be given the label “Low IQ” which must inevitably condemn a child in his own, if not society’s eye. The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is accepted by more and more people.

　　4. E. 分析：段首句(观点句)的句意与E一致，而且随后的句子中与E中的“学校教育”相呼应的词语和结构--classes, teach children。

　　A。born to be more intelligent or less intelligent

　　B.have a better chance to develop his intelligence

　　C.taught to be more intelligent

　　D.that intelligence was something a baby was born with

　　E.and because of the lack of communication with his classmates

　　F.and partly has to do with a child’s living environment

　　5. It was once believed ___, and thus we can tell how successful he/she will be in the future according to his/her intelligence.

　　5. D。分析：空格处需要真正的主语(It是形式主语)，因此根据语法结构判断D是答案。该句大意是“人们曾经一度相信，智力是一个孩子天生所具有的，因为我们可以根据他/她的智力水平判断他/她在将来是否会取得成功。”

　　A。born to be more intelligent or less intelligent

　　B.have a better chance to develop his intelligence

　　C.taught to be more intelligent

　　E.and because of the lack of communication with his classmates

　　F.and partly has to do with a child’s living environment

　　6. More recent researches has shown that intelligence is only partly inherited ___.

　　6. F。分析：题干中partly的出现，暗示后半句中很可能还会出现另一个partly。因此判断F是答案。该句大意是“最近的研究已经表明智力一部分是来自遗传，一部分是与孩子的生活环境有关。”

　　A。born to be more intelligent or less intelligent

　　B.have a better chance to develop his intelligence

　　C.taught to be more intelligent

　　E.and because of the lack of communication with his classmates

　　7. It can be inferred from the passage that a child will ___ if he has more opportunities to communicate with others by means of language.

　　7. B。分析：will后面应该直接跟动词原形，因此判断B是答案。该句大意是“从文章中可以推断出如果一个孩子有更多的机会和他人用语言交流他发展智力的可能性就更大。”

　　A。born to be more intelligent or less intelligent

　　C.taught to be more intelligent

　　E.and because of the lack of communication with his classmates

　　8. Children were not just ___, but they can be taught to be more intelligent at school.

　　8.A.分析：借助搭配语意判断A更加合适。该句含义“孩子不是天生更聪明或较笨，然而他们能够通过在学校学习变得更加聪明。”

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