1.茜草根含蒽醌衍生物:茜草素(alizarin),羟基茜草素(purpurin),异茜草素(purpuroxanthine,xanthopurpurin),1-羟基-2-甲基蒽醌(1-hydrox-2-methy1anthraquinone),1, 4二羟基-6-甲基蒽醌( 1,4-dihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone),去甲虎刺醛(nordamnacanta1),大黄素甲醚(physcion),1-羟基2-甲氧基蒽醌(1-hydroxy-2-methoxyanthraquinone),1,4二羟基 2-甲基-5-(或8)-甲氧基蒽醌[1,4-dihvdroxy-2-methyl-5(or 8)-methoxyanthraquinone〕,1,3-二甲氧基-2-梭基蒽醌(1,3-dimethoxy-2-carboxyanthraquinone),1,3-二羟基-2-甲基蒽醌(1,3-dihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone, rubiadin),1,3-二羟基-2-乙氧基甲基蒽醌(1,3-hydroxy-2-ethoxymethylanthraquinone),2-甲基-1,3,6.三羟基蒽醌(2-methyl-1,3,6-trihydroxyanthraquinone),1,4-二羟基-2-乙氧基羰基蒽醌(1,4-dihydroxy-2-carboethoxyanthraquinone),1-羟基-2-羧基-3-甲氧基蒽醌(1-hydroxy-2-carboxy-3-methoxyanthraquinone),1-羟基-2-甲基-6(或7)-甲氧基蒽醌[1-hydroxy-2-methyl-6 (or 7)-methoxyanthraquinone],1,3-二羟基-2-甲氧基甲基蒽醌(1,3-dihydroxy2-methoxymethylanthraquinone),1-甲氧基-2-甲氧基甲基-3-羟基蒽醌(1-methox-2-methoxymethyl-3-hydroxyanthraquinone),4-羟基-2-羧基蒽醌(4-hydroxy-2-carbexyanthraquinone),1,4-二羟基-2-羟甲基蒽醌(1,4-dihydrox-2-hydroxymethylanthraquinone ),1-羟基-2-羟甲基蒽醌(1-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylanthraqui-none),3-甲酯基-1-羟基蒽醌(3-carbomethoxy-1-hydroxyan-thraquinone),1,4-
二羟基-2-甲基蒽醌(1,4-dihydrox-2-methy-lanthraquinone),乌楠醌(tectoquinone)1,2-二羟基蒽醌-2-O-β-D-木糖(1→6)-β-D-葡萄糖甙[1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone-2-O-β-D-xylosyl(1→6)-β-D-glucoside,ruberythric acid],1,3,6-三羟基-2-甲基蒽醌-3-0-(6'-O-乙酰基)-α-鼠李糖-(1→2)-β-葡萄糖甙[1,3,6-trihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone-3-0-(6'-O-acetyl)-α-rhamncoyl-(1→2)-β-glucoside],1,3,6-三羟基-甲基蒽醌-3-O-α-鼠李洛(1→2)-β-葡萄糖甙甙[1,3,6trihydrox-2-methylanthraquinone-3-O-α-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-β-glucoside],1,3-二羟基-2-羟甲基蒽醌-3-O-木糖(1→6)-葡萄糖甙[1,3-dihydroxy-2-hy-droxymethylanthraquinone-3-O-xylosyl(1→6)-glucoside,lucidinprimevoroside],1-乙酰氧基-6-羟基-2-甲基蒽醌-3-O-α-鼠李糖(1→4)-α-葡萄糖甙[1-acetoxyihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone3-O-α-rhamnosyl(1→4)-α-glucoside],1,3,6-三羟基-2-甲基蒽醌-3-O-(6'-O-乙酰基)-β-D-葡萄糖甙[1,3,6-trihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone-3-O-(6'-O-aceiyl)-β-D-g1ucoside],1,3, 6三羟基-2-甲基蒽醌-3-O-(3'-乙酰基)-α-鼠李糖(1→2),葡萄糖甙[1,3,6-trihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone-3-O-(3'-O-acetyl)-α-rham-nosyl(1→2)glucoside]及异茜草素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖甙(xanthop-urpurin-3-0-β-D-glucoside)。
2.萘醌衍生物:大叶茜草素(mollu-gin,rubimaillin),2-氨基甲酰基-3-甲氧基-1,4-萘醌(2-car-bamoyl-3-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone),2-氨基甲酰基-3-羟基-1,4-萘醌(2-carbamoyL-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone),去氢-α-拉杷醌(dehydro-α-lapachone),呋喃大叶茜草素(furomol1ugin),二氢大叶茜草素(dihvdromollugin),茜草内酯(rubi1ac-tone),2'-甲氧基大叶茜草素(2'-methoxymollugin),2'-羟基大叶茜草素(2'-hydroxymollugin), 1-甲氧基-2'-羟基二氢大叶茜草素(1'-methoxy-2'-hydroxydihydromollugin),1',2'-二羟基二氢大叶茜草素(1',2'-dihydroxydihydromollugin),2-梭甲基-3-异戊烯基-2,3-环氧-1,4-萘醌(2-carboxymethyL-3-prenyl-2,3-epoxy-1,4-naphthpeuinone),钩毛茜草聚萘醌(rubioncolin)。
3.萘氢醌衍生物:2-甲酯基-3-异戊烯基-1,4-萘氢醌-双-β-D-葡萄糖甙(2carbomeiboxy-3-prenyl-1,4-naphthohydroqunone-di-β-D-glucoside),3-甲酯基-2-(3'-羟基)-异戊基-1,4-萘氢醌-1-0-β-D-葡萄糖甙[3-carbomethoxy-2-(3'-hydroxy)-isopentyl-1,4-naphthohydroquinone1-O-β-D-glucoside]等。具抗癌作用的环己肽:RA(rubiaakane)-Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ[14]、Ⅴ、Ⅶ[15]、Ⅵ、Ⅷ[16]、Ⅸ、Ⅹ^[17]、Ⅺ、Ⅻ、ⅩⅢ、ⅩⅣ[18]、ⅩⅤ、ⅩⅥ[19]。
4.三萜化合物:黑果茜草萜(ru-biprasin)A、B,茜草阿波醇(rubiarbenol)D,齐墩果酸乙酸酯(oleanolic acid acetate),齐墩果醛乙酸酯(oleanolic aldehvde ac-etate);其他:6-甲氧基都桷子甙酸(6-methoxygenipeidicacid)东茛菪素(scopo1eto1,scopo1etin),脂肪酸(fattyacids),β-谷甾醇(β-siiosterol)及胡萝卜甙(daucOsterol)等。
5.另有报道茜草尚含1.3,6-三羟基-2-甲基蒽醌-3-0-木糖(1→2)-(6'-0-乙酰基)-葡萄糖甙[1,3,6-trihydroxy-2-methylan-thraquinOnes-3-0-xylosyl( l→2)-(6'-0-acetyl)-glucoside〕,茜草萜三醇(rubiatriol),及右旋-异落叶松脂醇(iso1ariciresin-ol)。
功效凉血止血;活血化瘀
![茜草 茜草](http://imgsrc.baidu.com/baike/abpic/item/8605f5f88450c869d9f9fda0.jpg)
茜草
考证
《黄帝内经》载有"四鸟贼骨-藘茹丸",这是茜草入药的最早记载。《本经》则载有"茜根",明确了药用部分为根。《别录》指出茜根"可以染绛……生乔山川谷。"《本草经集注)云:"此则今染绛茜草也。东间诸处乃有而少,不如西多。"《蜀本草》曰:"染绯草叶似枣叶,头尖下阔,茎叶俱涩,四五叶对生节间,蔓延草本上,根紫赤色。今所在有,八月采根。"《纲目》谓:"茜草十二月生苗,蔓延数尺。方茎中空有筋,外有细刺,数寸一节。每节五叶,叶如乌药叶而糙涩,面青背绿。七、八月开花,结实如小椒大,中有细子。"以上所述形态特征及可以染绛等特点,与今之茜草之原植物相符。
主治:血热咯血;吐血;衄血;尿血;便血;崩漏;经闭;产后瘀阻腹痛;跌打损伤;风湿痹痛;黄疸;疮痈;痔肿
生态环境:生于山坡路旁、沟沿、田边、灌丛及林缘。