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倒装用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。倒装句有两种:完全倒装和部分倒装。
完全倒装
1)完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前(是整个谓语动词,而非助动词)。
例如:The teacher came in and the class began.(没有倒装)
In came the teacher and the class began.(老师走了进来,然后开始上课。)
2)there引出的完全倒装句:除了最常见的there be句型以外,there还可以接appear,exist,lie,remain,seem to be,stand等,一般都译成"有"的含义,构成完全倒装句。
例如:There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.(远处有个穿黑色衣服的人。)
3)由地点和时间副词引出的完全倒装句:以地点副词here,there和时间副词now,then开头,后面的动词是be,come,exist,fall,follow,go,lie,remain,seem,stand等,而主语又是名词时,构成完全倒装句。Up climbed the boy when his mother came.
4)表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词且主语是名词时使用完全倒装
5)在强调状语时1)当句首状语为方位词或拟声词,谓语动词为go,come等表示位置转移的动词时句子须倒装。例如:
1 Up went the plane.
2 In came the chairman and the meeting began.
注:如果主语是代词则不发生倒装。例如:
1 Out they rushed!
2 Lower and lower he bent.
(2)当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时,句子须倒装。例如:
1 Round the corner walked a large policeman.
2Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man.
3当句首状语由“only+副词”,“only+介词词组”,“only+状语从句”构成时,句子须倒装。例如:
1 Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.(不属于完全倒装)
2 Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.
(6)当句首状语为here,there,now,then等时,句子须倒装,主语是代词时,句子不用倒装。例如:
1)Here is a ticket for you.
2)Now comes your turn.
3)Here he comes.
(7)以关联词so(…that)开头的句子中,句子须倒装。例如:
1)So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.
2)So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus.
3)So much does he worry about his financial position that he can‘t sleep at night.
注:在该结构中,“so+形容词”是表语的前置:“so+副词”是状语的前置。
在直接引语之后
在叙事性书面语中,直接引语后常跟asked Mary,answered John,said the old lady,grunted Peter之类的词语。在这些
词语中,动词常的主语之前,主语是代词时,不用倒装。例如:
1)“What do you mean?”asked Henry.
2)“What do you mean?”he asked.
often,many a time等表示频度的状语置于句首时
例如:Often did they think of going there,but they never had a chance.
12.在as,though引导的让步状语从句中
在as,though引导的让步状语从句中,一般将形容词、副词或名词等置于句首。例如:
1)Small as the atom is,we can smash it.
2)Big as the workpiece is,it is turned out with
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。
Out he rushed.
注意:
1)在here,there引出的倒装句中,当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句,但当主语是代词时,就要用部分倒装句。
例:Here comes the postman!(邮递员终于来了!注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。)
Here we are.(我们到了。注意系动词位于主语代词之后。)
2)当主语是代词,谓语是系动词,表语是说明性的词、词组和定语从句时,可以使用完全倒装句,起强调作用。
例:Lucky is he who has been enrolled into a famous university.(他真幸运,被一所名牌大学录取了。)
Typical for China is the crosstalk show where a pair of comedians entertains the audience with word play.(中国典型的是相声表演,两个喜剧演员通过文字游戏逗乐观众)
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